??? ??? ???? R290(???)? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????. ?? ??? ?? ???? ??, ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???, PFAS ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??? ??? 1? ????? ??? ???? ??? “?? ?????”? ???, ????, ?? ??, ???, ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????. R290? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ???????(GWP)? ?? ??, ???? ??? ????? ???? ???, ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????. ??? R290? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????. ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????.^[1][3][4][5]

R290? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????/?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????

??? ????? R290? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???, ?? ?? ?? ?? ????. ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??/???? ????? ???? ????. ?, ??? ?? ??, ???? ??? ??? ????, ???, ?????, ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ZF? ??? TherMaS? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????, ?? 10kW? ?? ? ?? ??? ????, -25°C?? +35°C??? ?? ???? ?????. Bosch Mobility? ??? ???? ?? ?? propane refrigerant? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???, MAHLE? 2025? CES ?? ???? ??? Thermal Management Module? PFAS-free R290 refrigerant? ????, ?? ??? ?? ??, ????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????.^[3][4][5]

? ?? ??? ???, R290? ?? ??? “????? ?? ??? ?? ??”? ??? ??, ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ????? R290? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????, ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??, ??? ??, ?? ??, ??? ??, ??? ?? ??? ?????.^[3][5]

R290? ??? ??? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????

?? ???? ??, EU? ??? ?? ???(MAC) ?? ???? ?? ?????. 2017? 1? 1??? EU ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???, ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? GWP? 150 ????? ???. ?? EU ?? ??? R1234yf, R744, R290? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????. ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???, ?? ??, ?? ??, ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????.^[1]

??? ???? R290? ?? ??? ?? ??????. EU ?? ??? R290? ?? GWP ??? ???? ???, ASHRAE ?? R290? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????. ??? ?? ????? PFAS ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??, MAHLE? ?? ???? R290? PFAS-free ??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? GWP? ???? ??? ???, ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????.^[1][2][5]

?? ??? ?? ?? ??·??·?????? 2026?? ???? ? GWP ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????. ?? ??? ???, ??, ??? ?? ??? ????, ? GWP ??? ??? ??, ?? ??, ?? ?? ???, ??, ???, ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????. ? ??? ??? “? GWP ??? ?? ?? ??”? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????, ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????.^[6]

R290? ???? ??? ?? GWP? ??? ??? ??, ????, ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????

?? R290? ?? ?????? ?? ????, ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ????. R290? ??? ??? ??? 1? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????. ZF? 2025? ?? ???? TherMaS? ? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? 10%, ?? ????? ?? 30%?? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ?????. Bosch? propane heat pump? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???, MAHLE ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??, ??? ?? ??, ??? ?? ??? ?? ????.^[3][4][5]

?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????. 2025? Case Studies in Thermal Engineering? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ? ???, -35°C?? 0°C ??? ?? ???? R1234yf ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ???, ?? ???? ?? ? 5%? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ??????. 2022? Energy Reports? ??? ??? R290 ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ?? 2024? Science China Technological Sciences? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? R290 ???? ???? ???? -30°C?? 0°C ?? ???? ?? ????, ???, ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????.^[7][8][9]

?? R290? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???, ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??, ? ??, ??, ????, ??? ??, ?? ????? ?? ?? ??, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ? ? ?? ???? ?????.^{[3][5][7][8][9]}

??? ??? ??? ??? ?????: R290? A3 ????, ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????

R290? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????. ASHRAE? ?? ??? ??? R290? A3 ???, ? ?????? ????? ?? ?????. ?? F-Gas Register? ?? ?? ?? R290? highly flammable refrigerant? ???? ????. ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ??? ??, ??, ??? ??, ??? ????, ??? ??, ?? ?? ?? ??, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ??? A3 ??? ????? ??? “??? ???? ??? ?? ????”? ??? ?????.^[2][10]

?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????. 2020? International Journal of Refrigeration? ??? ??? R290? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????. ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ?? 2023? ?? ??? ??? ???(?? ????? ??) ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ???, ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ??????. ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? R290? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ???? ?????.^[11]

?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? “secondary loop”, “indirect heat pump”, “safety regulations”, “charge reduction”? ?? ???? ????? ?????. 2025? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? propane? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????. ?? 2025? The Innovation Energy? ?? ??? R290? ??? ?? ??? ?? 2? ?? ???? ????? ?????.^[12][13]

?? ??: R290? ??? ??? ?? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????

?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??, R290? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ?? ?? ??? ??? ????, ?? ??, ??? ???·?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????. R290? ???? ??? ?? GWP? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??? ???? ??? A3 ???? ??? ??, ?? ??, ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????.^{[1][2][3][4][5]}

??? “???? ???? ?? R290? ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????”? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????. R290? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???, ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ? ? ?? ?? ???? ?, R290? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????.^{[7][8][9][12][13]}

References

1. European Commission. Mobile air-conditioning systems (MACs).
2. ASHRAE. ASHRAE Refrigerant Designations.
3. ZF. Comfortable temperature for electric cars: New ZF thermal management system increases range by up to 10 percent.
4. Bosch Mobility. Heat pump unit.
5. MAHLE. CES 2025: MAHLE on Display with Electrification as the Focus.
6. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, India. Study on use of Low GWP Mobile Air-Conditioning (MAC) in India’s electric vehicles.
7. Khader, S. et al. 2025. Electric vehicle heat pump system operated with R290... Case Studies in Thermal Engineering.
8. Huang, Y. et al. 2022. Research on the electric vehicle heat pump air conditioning system with R290 refrigerant. Energy Reports.
9. Yang, Y.C. et al. 2024. Performance analysis of an R290 vapor-injection heat pump system for electric vehicles. Science China Technological Sciences.
10. UK F-Gas Register. Flammable refrigerants in air conditioning and heat pump systems.
11. Li, K. et al. 2020. Experimental investigation on combustion characteristics of R290/R1234yf...
12. Kwon, S. et al. 2025. Single- and dual-loop indirect heat pumps with propane...
13. Future development trends in new energy vehicle thermal management system... The Innovation Energy, 2025.